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Chemical Formula For Nitrogen Gas

Written By Wednesday, October 26, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Colourless not-combustible gas

Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide's canonical forms
Ball-and-stick model with bond lengths
Space-filling model of nitrous oxide
Names
IUPAC names

Nitrous oxide[1] (not recommended)
Dinitrogen oxide[two] (alternative proper noun)

Systematic IUPAC name

Oxodiazen-ii-ium-1-ide
Other names

Laughing gas, sweet air, nitrous, nos, protoxide of nitrogen, hyponitrous oxide, dinitrogen oxide, dinitrogen monoxide
Identifiers

CAS Number
  • 10024-97-2 check Y

3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
  • Interactive image

Beilstein Reference

 8137358
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:17045 check Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1234579 ☒ Northward
ChemSpider
  • 923 check Y
DrugBank
  • DB06690 ☒ N
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.017 Edit this at Wikidata
E number E942 (glazing agents, ...)

Gmelin Reference

 2153410
KEGG
  • D00102 check Y

PubChem CID

  • 948
RTECS number
  • QX1350000
UNII
  • K50XQU1029 check Y
Un number 1070 (compressed)
2201 (liquid)

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

  • DTXSID8021066 Edit this at Wikidata

InChI

  • InChI=1S/N2O/c1-ii-3check Y

    Key: GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncheck Y

  • InChI=1/N2O/c1-2-3

  • InChI=1/N2O/c1-2-iii

    Key: GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYAP

SMILES

  • N#[Due north+][O-]

  • [N-]=[N+]=O
Properties

Chemical formula

 N
two O
Molar mass 44.013 g/mol
Appearance colourless gas
Density 1.977 g/50 (gas)
Melting point −90.86 °C (−131.55 °F; 182.29 K)
Boiling point −88.48 °C (−127.26 °F; 184.67 K)

Solubility in water

 1.5 g/Fifty (15 °C)
Solubility soluble in booze, ether, sulfuric acid
log P 0.35
Vapor pressure 5150 kPa (20 °C)

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

 −eighteen.9·x−6 cm3/mol

Refractive index (n D)

 1.000516 (0 °C, 101,325 kPa)
Viscosity 14.xc μPa·s[3]
Structure

Molecular shape

 linear, C ∞v

Dipole moment

 0.166 D
Thermochemistry

Std tooth
entropy (Southward ⦵ 298)

219.96 J/(K·mol)

Std enthalpy of
formation (Δf H ⦵ 298)

+82.05 kJ/mol
Pharmacology

ATC code

 N01AX13 (WHO)

Routes of
administration

 Inhalation
Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism

 0.004%

Biological one-half-life

 5 minutes

Excretion

 Respiratory
Hazards
GHS labelling:

Pictograms

 GHS04: Compressed Gas GHS03: Oxidizing GHS07: Exclamation mark
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)

2

0

0

OX

Flash point Nonflammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) Ilo.org, ICSC 0067
Related compounds

Related nitrogen oxides

 Nitric oxide
Dinitrogen trioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen pentoxide

Related compounds

 Ammonium nitrate
Azide

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

☒ Nverify (what is check Y ☒ North  ?)

Infobox references

Chemic compound

Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, or nos,[iv] is a chemic compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N
2 O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-combustible gas, and has a slightly sweet scent and gustation.[v] At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser like to molecular oxygen.

Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and hurting-reducing effects.[half dozen] Its colloquial name, "laughing gas", coined by Humphry Davy, is due to the euphoric effects upon inhaling information technology, a property that has led to its recreational utilize equally a dissociative anaesthetic.[6] It is on the World Wellness Organisation's List of Essential Medicines.[vii] It is besides used equally an oxidiser in rocket propellants, and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines.

Nitrous oxide's atmospheric concentration reached 333 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020, increasing at a rate of virtually i ppb annually.[8] [9] It is a major scavenger of stratospheric ozone, with an impact comparable to that of CFCs.[10] Global bookkeeping of N
2 O sources and sinks over the decade ending 2016 indicates that virtually forty% of the boilerplate 17 TgN/yr (teragrams of nitrogen per year) of emissions originated from human activeness, and shows that emissions growth importantly came from expanding agronomics and manufacture sources within emerging economies.[xi] [12] Being the third nigh important long-lived greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide besides substantially contributes to global warming.[13] [14]

Nitrous oxide is used as a propellant, and has a diverseness of applications from rocketry to making whipped cream. Information technology is used as a recreational drug for its potential to induce a brief "loftier"; well-nigh recreational users are unaware of its neurotoxicity and potential to cause neurological damage.[15]

Uses [edit]

Rocket motors [edit]

Nitrous oxide may be used as an oxidiser in a rocket motor. Information technology has advantages over other oxidisers in that information technology is much less toxic, and because of its stability at room temperature it is besides easier to store and relatively safe to carry on a flight. Every bit a secondary benefit, it may be decomposed readily to form breathing air. Its loftier density and depression storage pressure (when maintained at depression temperature) enable it to be highly competitive with stored high-pressure gas systems.[16]

In a 1914 patent, American rocket pioneer Robert Goddard suggested nitrous oxide and gasoline as possible propellants for a liquid-fuelled rocket.[17] Nitrous oxide has been the oxidiser of choice in several hybrid rocket designs (using solid fuel with a liquid or gaseous oxidiser). The combination of nitrous oxide with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene fuel has been used by SpaceShipOne and others. Information technology also is notably used in amateur and loftier ability rocketry with various plastics as the fuel.

Nitrous oxide as well may be used in a monopropellant rocket. In the presence of a heated goad, N
2 O will decompose exothermically into nitrogen and oxygen, at a temperature of approximately ane,070 °F (577 °C).[18] Because of the large heat release, the catalytic action rapidly becomes secondary, every bit thermal autodecomposition becomes dominant. In a vacuum thruster, this may provide a monopropellant specific impulse (I sp ) of equally much as 180 s. While noticeably less than the I sp bachelor from hydrazine thrusters (monopropellant or bipropellant with dinitrogen tetroxide), the decreased toxicity makes nitrous oxide an option worth investigating.

Nitrous oxide is said to deflagrate at approximately 600 °C (1,112 °F) at a pressure of 309 psi (21 atmospheres).[19] At 600psi, for example, the required ignition free energy is only half-dozen joules, whereas N
two O at 130 psi a 2,500-joule ignition energy input is insufficient.[xx] [21]

Internal combustion engine [edit]

In vehicle racing, nitrous oxide (often referred to every bit simply "nitrous") allows the engine to burn more than fuel by providing more than oxygen during combustion. The increment in oxygen allows for an increment in the injection of fuel, assuasive the engine to produce more than engine power. The gas is non flammable at a low pressure/temperature, but it delivers more oxygen than atmospheric air by breaking down at elevated temperatures, about 570 degrees F (~300C). Therefore, information technology ofttimes is mixed with another fuel that is easier to deflagrate. Nitrous oxide is a strong oxidising amanuensis, roughly equivalent to hydrogen peroxide, and much stronger than oxygen gas.

Nitrous oxide is stored every bit a compressed liquid; the evaporation and expansion of liquid nitrous oxide in the intake manifold causes a large drop in intake charge temperature, resulting in a denser charge, further allowing more air/fuel mixture to enter the cylinder. Sometimes nitrous oxide is injected into (or prior to) the intake manifold, whereas other systems direct inject, right before the cylinder (direct port injection) to increase power.

The technique was used during Globe War II past Luftwaffe aircraft with the GM-1 system to boost the ability output of aircraft engines. Originally meant to provide the Luftwaffe standard aircraft with superior loftier-altitude performance, technological considerations express its utilise to extremely high altitudes. Appropriately, it was but used by specialised planes such every bit high-distance reconnaissance aircraft, high-speed bombers and high-altitude interceptor shipping. It sometimes could be found on Luftwaffe shipping as well fitted with another engine-boost system, MW 50, a form of water injection for aviation engines that used methanol for its boost capabilities.

I of the major problems of using nitrous oxide in a reciprocating engine is that it can produce enough power to damage or destroy the engine. Very large ability increases are possible, and if the mechanical structure of the engine is not properly reinforced, the engine may be severely damaged, or destroyed, during this kind of operation. Information technology is very important with nitrous oxide augmentation of petrol engines to maintain proper operating temperatures and fuel levels to prevent "pre-ignition",[22] or "detonation" (sometimes referred to as "knock"). Most problems that are associated with nitrous oxide do non come from mechanical failure due to the ability increases. Since nitrous oxide allows a much denser accuse into the cylinder, information technology dramatically increases cylinder pressures. The increased pressure and temperature tin cause issues such as melting the piston or valves. It also may fissure or warp the piston or head and cause pre-ignition due to uneven heating.

Automotive-grade liquid nitrous oxide differs slightly from medical-class nitrous oxide. A small amount of sulfur dioxide (And so
two ) is added to prevent substance corruption.[23]

Aerosol propellant [edit]

The gas is approved for use every bit a food additive (Due east number: E942), specifically as an aerosol spray propellant. Its most common uses in this context are in aerosol whipped cream canisters and cooking sprays.

The gas is extremely soluble in fatty compounds. In aerosol whipped cream, it is dissolved in the fatty cream until it leaves the can, when information technology becomes gaseous and thus creates cream. Used in this style, it produces whipped foam which is four times the book of the liquid, whereas whipping air into foam simply produces twice the book. If air were used as a propellant, oxygen would accelerate rancidification of the butterfat, only nitrous oxide inhibits such degradation. Carbon dioxide cannot be used for whipped cream because it is acidic in water, which would curdle the cream and requite it a seltzer-like "sparkling" sensation.

The whipped foam produced with nitrous oxide is unstable, and will return to a more liquid land within half an hour to one hr.[24] Thus, the method is non suitable for decorating nutrient that will not exist served immediately.

During Dec 2016, some manufacturers reported a shortage of aerosol whipped creams in the U.s. due to an explosion at the Air Liquide nitrous oxide facility in Florida in tardily August. With a major facility offline, the disruption caused a shortage resulting in the company diverting the supply of nitrous oxide to medical clients rather than to food manufacturing. The shortage came during the Christmas and vacation flavor when canned whipped cream apply is normally at its highest.[25]

Similarly, cooking spray, which is made from various types of oils combined with lecithin (an emulsifier), may use nitrous oxide as a propellant. Other propellants used in cooking spray include food-grade alcohol and propane.

Medicine [edit]

Nitrous oxide has been used in dentistry and surgery, equally an anaesthetic and analgesic, since 1844.[26] In the early days, the gas was administered through unproblematic inhalers consisting of a breathing bag made of rubber cloth.[27] Today, the gas is administered in hospitals by means of an automated relative analgesia automobile, with an anaesthetic vaporiser and a medical ventilator, that delivers a precisely dosed and jiff-actuated menses of nitrous oxide mixed with oxygen in a 2:1 ratio.

Nitrous oxide is a weak general anaesthetic, and then is generally non used lonely in general anaesthesia, but used every bit a carrier gas (mixed with oxygen) for more powerful general anaesthetic drugs such as sevoflurane or desflurane. Information technology has a minimum alveolar concentration of 105% and a blood/gas segmentation coefficient of 0.46. The use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia, notwithstanding, can increment the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting.[28] [29] [30]

Dentists use a simpler motorcar which only delivers an North
two O/O
two mixture for the patient to inhale while conscious. The patient is kept witting throughout the process, and retains adequate mental faculties to reply to questions and instructions from the dentist.[31]

Inhalation of nitrous oxide is used oftentimes to salve pain associated with childbirth, trauma, oral surgery and acute coronary syndrome (includes heart attacks). Its employ during labour has been shown to be a safety and effective help for birthing women.[32] Its utilise for acute coronary syndrome is of unknown benefit.[33]

In Great britain and Canada, Entonox and Nitronox are used unremarkably by ambulance crews (including unregistered practitioners) as rapid and highly effective analgesic gas.

L pct nitrous oxide tin be considered for use by trained non-professional kickoff aid responders in prehospital settings, given the relative ease and safety of administering fifty% nitrous oxide as an analgesic. The rapid reversibility of its result would likewise preclude it from precluding diagnosis.[34]

Recreational use [edit]

Street sign indicating ban of nitrous oxide use most the Poelestraat in Groningen

Whippit remnants (the minor steel canisters) of recreational drug use, the Netherlands, 2017

Recreational inhalation of nitrous oxide, with the purpose of causing euphoria and/or slight hallucinations, began as a phenomenon for the British upper course in 1799, known every bit "laughing gas parties".[35]

Starting in the nineteenth century, widespread availability of the gas for medical and culinary purposes allowed the recreational use to expand greatly throughout the world. In the Great britain, as of 2014, nitrous oxide was estimated to be used by nigh half a million young people at nightspots, festivals and parties.[36]

Widespread recreational use of the drug throughout the Britain was featured in the 2017 Vice documentary Inside The Laughing Gas Black Market, in which journalist Matt Shea met with dealers of the drug who stole information technology from hospitals.[37]

A significant upshot cited in London's printing is the issue of nitrous oxide canister littering, which is highly visible and causes significant complaint from communities.[38]

Recreational users often misperceive nitrous oxide as a route to a "safe high", and are unaware of its potential for causing neurological damage. In Australia, recreation use became a public health concern following a rise in reported cases of neurotoxicity and a ascension in emergency room admissions, and in Southern Australia legislation was passed in 2020 to restrict canister sales.[15]

Safety [edit]

Nitrous oxide is a significant occupational hazard for surgeons, dentists and nurses. Because nitrous oxide is minimally metabolised in humans (with a rate of 0.004%), it retains its potency when exhaled into the room by the patient, and tin can pose an intoxicating and prolonged exposure hazard to the clinic staff if the room is poorly ventilated. Where nitrous oxide is administered, a continuous-flow fresh-air ventilation arrangement or Due north
2 O scavenger system is used to prevent a waste-gas buildup.[ citation needed ]

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends that workers' exposure to nitrous oxide should be controlled during the administration of anaesthetic gas in medical, dental and veterinary operators.[39] Information technology prepare a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 25 ppm (46 mg/mthree) to escaped anaesthetic.[forty]

Mental and manual impairment [edit]

Exposure to nitrous oxide causes short-term decreases in mental performance, audiovisual power and manual dexterity.[41] These effects coupled with the induced spatial and temporal disorientation could consequence in concrete impairment to the user from environmental hazards.[42]

Neurotoxicity and neuroprotection [edit]

Nitrous oxide is neurotoxic and long-term or habitual employ can crusade astringent neurological impairment.[fifteen]

Like other NMDA receptor antagonists, it has been suggested that N
ii O produces neurotoxicity in the class of Olney's lesions in rodents upon prolonged (several hour) exposure.[43] [44] [45] [46] New research has arisen suggesting that Olney's lesions practice not occur in humans, however, and similar drugs such as ketamine are now believed not to exist acutely neurotoxic.[47] [48] It has been argued that, because N
2 O is rapidly expelled from the body under normal circumstances, information technology is less likely to be neurotoxic than other NMDAR antagonists.[49] Indeed, in rodents, short-term exposure results in but mild injury that is rapidly reversible, and neuronal death occurs only after constant and sustained exposure.[43] Nitrous oxide also may cause neurotoxicity afterwards extended exposure considering of hypoxia. This is peculiarly true of non-medical formulations such as whipped-foam chargers (also known equally "whippets" or "nangs"),[fifty] which never incorporate oxygen, since oxygen makes cream rancid.[51]

In heavy (≥400 thousand or ≥200 L of NiiO gas in ane session) or frequent (regular, east.chiliad. daily or weekly) users reported to poison control centers, signs of peripheral neuropathy have been noted: the presence of ataxia (gait abnormalities) or paresthesia (perception of abnormal sensations, eastward.g. tingling, numbness, prickling, by and large in the extremities). These are considered an early sign of neurological damage and indicates chronic toxicity.[52]

Nitrous oxide at 75% by volume reduces ischemia-induced neuronal death induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rodents, and decreases NMDA-induced Caii+ influx in neuronal cell cultures, a critical result involved in excitotoxicity.[49]

DNA damage [edit]

Occupational exposure to ambient nitrous oxide has been associated with DNA damage, due to interruptions in DNA synthesis.[53] This correlation is dose-dependent[54] [55] and does non appear to extend to casual recreational use; however, farther research is needed to ostend the duration and quantity of exposure needed to cause impairment.

Oxygen deprivation [edit]

If pure nitrous oxide is inhaled without oxygen mixed in, this can eventually lead to oxygen deprivation resulting in loss of claret pressure level, fainting and even heart attacks. This tin occur if the user inhales large quantities continuously, as with a strap-on mask connected to a gas canister. Information technology can also happen if the user engages in excessive breath-holding or uses any other inhalation system that cuts off a supply of fresh air.[56] A further risk is that symptoms of frostbite tin can occur on the lips, larynx and bronchi if the gas is inhaled directly from the gas container. Therefore, nitrous oxide is often inhaled from condoms or balloons.[57]

Vitamin B 12 deficiency [edit]

Long-term exposure to nitrous oxide may crusade vitamin B 12 deficiency. This tin cause serious neurotoxicity if the user has preexisting vitamin B 12 deficiency.[58] Information technology inactivates the cobalamin class of vitamin B 12 by oxidation. Symptoms of vitamin B 12 deficiency, including sensory neuropathy, myelopathy and encephalopathy, may occur within days or weeks of exposure to nitrous oxide anaesthesia in people with subclinical vitamin B 12 deficiency.

Symptoms are treated with high doses of vitamin B 12 , but recovery can exist slow and incomplete.[59]

People with normal vitamin B 12 levels accept stores to make the effects of nitrous oxide insignificant, unless exposure is repeated and prolonged (nitrous oxide abuse). Vitamin B 12 levels should be checked in people with gamble factors for vitamin B 12 deficiency prior to using nitrous oxide anaesthesia.[60]

Prenatal development [edit]

Several experimental studies in rats signal that chronic exposure of meaning females to nitrous oxide may accept agin effects on the developing fetus.[61] [62] [63]

Chemic/physical risks [edit]

At room temperature (twenty °C [68 °F]) the saturated vapour pressure is l.525 bar, rising up to 72.45 bar at 36.iv °C (97.v °F)—the critical temperature. The force per unit area bend is thus unusually sensitive to temperature.[64]

As with many strong oxidisers, contamination of parts with fuels have been implicated in rocketry accidents, where small quantities of nitrous/fuel mixtures explode due to "h2o hammer"-like effects (sometimes called "dieseling"—heating due to adiabatic compression of gases tin can reach decomposition temperatures).[65] Some common building materials such equally stainless steel and aluminium can act as fuels with stiff oxidisers such as nitrous oxide, every bit tin can contaminants that may ignite due to adiabatic compression.[66]

There also have been incidents where nitrous oxide decomposition in plumbing has led to the explosion of large tanks.[19]

Machinery of action [edit]

The pharmacological mechanism of action of N
ii O in medicine is non fully known. Notwithstanding, it has been shown to directly modulate a broad range of ligand-gated ion channels, and this likely plays a major role in many of its furnishings. It moderately blocks NMDAR and β 2 -subunit-containing nACh channels, weakly inhibits AMPA, kainate, GABA C and five-HT iii receptors, and slightly potentiates GABA A and glycine receptors.[67] [68] It also has been shown to activate 2-pore-domain K +
channels.[69] While N
2 O affects quite a few ion channels, its anaesthetic, hallucinogenic and euphoriant effects are likely caused predominantly, or fully, via inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents.[67] [70] In addition to its effects on ion channels, N
2 O may act to imitate nitric oxide (NO) in the central nervous arrangement, and this may be related to its analgesic and anxiolytic properties.[seventy] Nitrous oxide is 30 to 40 times more soluble than nitrogen.

The effects of inhaling sub-anaesthetic doses of nitrous oxide take been known to vary, based on several factors, including settings and individual differences;[71] [72] even so, from his discussion, Jay (2008)[42] suggests that it has been reliably known to induce the post-obit states and sensations:

  • Intoxication
  • Euphoria/dysphoria
  • Spatial disorientation
  • Temporal disorientation
  • Reduced pain sensitivity

A minority of users also will present with uncontrolled vocalisations and muscular spasms. These furnishings generally disappear minutes subsequently removal of the nitrous oxide source.[42]

Anxiolytic consequence [edit]

In behavioural tests of anxiety, a low dose of Northward
two O is an effective anxiolytic, and this anti-anxiety effect is associated with enhanced activity of GABA A receptors, as information technology is partially reversed by benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. Mirroring this, animals that have developed tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines are partially tolerant to N
2 O.[73] Indeed, in humans given 30% N
2 O, benzodiazepine receptor antagonists reduced the subjective reports of feeling "high", simply did not alter psychomotor performance, in human being clinical studies.[74]

Analgesic event [edit]

The analgesic furnishings of N
ii O are linked to the interaction betwixt the endogenous opioid system and the descending noradrenergic system. When animals are given morphine chronically, they develop tolerance to its pain-killing effects, and this also renders the animals tolerant to the analgesic effects of Northward
2 O.[75] Administration of antibodies that bind and block the activity of some endogenous opioids (not β-endorphin) also cake the antinociceptive effects of N
2 O.[76] Drugs that inhibit the breakup of endogenous opioids also potentiate the antinociceptive effects of N
2 O.[76] Several experiments have shown that opioid receptor antagonists applied directly to the encephalon cake the antinociceptive effects of N
2 O, just these drugs have no effect when injected into the spinal string.

Autonomously from an indirect activeness, nitrous oxide, like morphine [77] too interacts directly with the endogenous opioid system past bounden at opioid receptor binding sites.[78] [79]

Conversely, α ii -adrenoceptor antagonists block the pain-reducing effects of N
2 O when given directly to the spinal cord, just not when applied directly to the brain.[lxxx] Indeed, α 2B -adrenoceptor knockout mice or animals depleted in norepinephrine are nearly completely resistant to the antinociceptive furnishings of N
2 O.[81] Apparently Northward
2 O-induced release of endogenous opioids causes disinhibition of brainstem noradrenergic neurons, which release norepinephrine into the spinal string and inhibit pain signalling.[82] Exactly how North
2 O causes the release of endogenous opioid peptides remains uncertain.

Properties and reactions [edit]

Nitrous oxide is a colourless, non-toxic gas with a faint, sweet odour.

Nitrous oxide supports combustion by releasing the dipolar bonded oxygen radical, and can thus relight a glowing splint.

Northward
2 O is inert at room temperature and has few reactions. At elevated temperatures, its reactivity increases. For example, nitrous oxide reacts with NaNH
2 at 460 1000 (187 °C) to requite NaN
iii :

ii NaNH
2 + Northward
2 O → NaN
3 + NaOH + NH
iii

The to a higher place reaction is the road adopted past the commercial chemic industry to produce azide salts, which are used as detonators.[83]

History [edit]

The gas was first synthesised in 1772 by English natural philosopher and chemist Joseph Priestley who called it dephlogisticated nitrous air (see phlogiston theory)[84] or inflammable nitrous air.[85] Priestley published his discovery in the volume Experiments and Observations on Unlike Kinds of Air (1775), where he described how to produce the grooming of "nitrous air macerated", past heating iron filings dampened with nitric acrid.[86]

Early utilise [edit]

"Living Made Easy": A satirical print from 1830 depicting Humphry Davy administering a dose of laughing gas to a woman

The first of import utilise of nitrous oxide was made possible by Thomas Beddoes and James Watt, who worked together to publish the book Considerations on the Medical Use and on the Production of Factitious Arrogance (1794). This volume was important for two reasons. First, James Watt had invented a novel car to produce "factitious arrogance" (including nitrous oxide) and a novel "breathing apparatus" to inhale the gas. 2nd, the volume also presented the new medical theories past Thomas Beddoes, that tuberculosis and other lung diseases could be treated by inhalation of "Factitious Airs".[26]

Sir Humphry Davy'due south Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly apropos nitrous oxide (1800), pages 556 and 557 (right), outlining potential anaesthetic backdrop of nitrous oxide in relieving pain during surgery

The car to produce "Factitious Arrogance" had three parts: a furnace to burn the needed material, a vessel with water where the produced gas passed through in a spiral pipe (for impurities to be "washed off"), and finally the gas cylinder with a gasometer where the gas produced, "air", could be tapped into portable air numberless (fabricated of airtight oily silk). The breathing apparatus consisted of i of the portable air numberless connected with a tube to a mouthpiece. With this new equipment being engineered and produced by 1794, the way was paved for clinical trials,[ description needed ] which began in 1798 when Thomas Beddoes established the "Pneumatic Institution for Relieving Diseases by Medical Airs" in Hotwells (Bristol). In the basement of the building, a large-scale machine was producing the gases under the supervision of a young Humphry Davy, who was encouraged to experiment with new gases for patients to inhale.[26] The showtime of import work of Davy was examination of the nitrous oxide, and the publication of his results in the book: Researches, Chemical and Philosophical (1800). In that publication, Davy notes the analgesic consequence of nitrous oxide at folio 465 and its potential to be used for surgical operations at page 556.[87] Davy coined the name "laughing gas" for nitrous oxide.[88]

Despite Davy'southward discovery that inhalation of nitrous oxide could relieve a conscious person from pain, another 44 years elapsed before doctors attempted to utilize it for amazement. The use of nitrous oxide equally a recreational drug at "laughing gas parties", primarily arranged for the British upper class, became an firsthand success beginning in 1799. While the effects of the gas generally make the user announced stuporous, dreamy and sedated, some people also "become the giggles" in a state of euphoria, and often erupt in laughter.[89]

One of the primeval commercial producers in the U.S. was George Poe, cousin of the poet Edgar Allan Poe, who as well was the first to liquefy the gas.[90]

Anaesthetic use [edit]

The first time nitrous oxide was used as an anaesthetic drug in the treatment of a patient was when dentist Horace Wells, with assistance past Gardner Quincy Colton and John Mankey Riggs, demonstrated insensitivity to pain from a dental extraction on xi December 1844.[91] In the following weeks, Wells treated the first 12 to 15 patients with nitrous oxide in Hartford, Connecticut, and, according to his own tape, merely failed in two cases.[92] In spite of these convincing results having been reported past Wells to the medical society in Boston in December 1844, this new method was not immediately adopted by other dentists. The reason for this was most likely that Wells, in January 1845 at his first public sit-in to the medical faculty in Boston, had been partly unsuccessful, leaving his colleagues hundred-to-one regarding its efficacy and safety.[93] The method did non come into general apply until 1863, when Gardner Quincy Colton successfully started to utilise it in all his "Colton Dental Association" clinics, that he had merely established in New Haven and New York City.[26] Over the following three years, Colton and his assembly successfully administered nitrous oxide to more than than 25,000 patients.[27] Today, nitrous oxide is used in dentistry as an anxiolytic, as an adjunct to local anaesthetic.

Nitrous oxide was not found to be a strong plenty anaesthetic for use in major surgery in hospital settings, still. Instead, diethyl ether, being a stronger and more potent anaesthetic, was demonstrated and accustomed for use in October 1846, forth with chloroform in 1847.[26] When Joseph Thomas Clover invented the "gas-ether inhaler" in 1876, yet, information technology became a common practice at hospitals to initiate all anaesthetic treatments with a mild flow of nitrous oxide, and then gradually increase the anaesthesia with the stronger ether or chloroform. Clover's gas-ether inhaler was designed to supply the patient with nitrous oxide and ether at the same time, with the verbal mixture being controlled by the operator of the device. Information technology remained in use by many hospitals until the 1930s.[27] Although hospitals today utilise a more advanced anaesthetic car, these machines even so apply the same principle launched with Clover'south gas-ether inhaler, to initiate the amazement with nitrous oxide, before the administration of a more powerful anaesthetic.

Equally a patent medicine [edit]

Colton's popularisation of nitrous oxide led to its adoption by a number of less than reputable quacksalvers, who touted it as a cure for consumption, scrofula, catarrh and other diseases of the claret, pharynx and lungs. Nitrous oxide treatment was administered and licensed every bit a patent medicine by the likes of C. L. Blood and Jerome Harris in Boston and Charles E. Barney of Chicago.[94] [95]

Product [edit]

Reviewing various methods of producing nitrous oxide is published.[96]

Industrial methods [edit]

Nitrous oxide is prepared on an industrial scale by conscientious heating of ammonium nitrate[96] at near 250 °C, which decomposes into nitrous oxide and water vapour.[97]

NH
four NO
iii → 2 H
2 O + Due north
ii O

The addition of various phosphate salts favours germination of a purer gas at slightly lower temperatures. This reaction may be difficult to command, resulting in detonation.[98]

Laboratory methods [edit]

The decomposition of ammonium nitrate is also a common laboratory method for preparing the gas. Equivalently, information technology can be obtained by heating a mixture of sodium nitrate and ammonium sulfate:[99]

2 NaNO
3 + (NH
4 ) 2 SO
iv → Na
2 SO
iv + 2 N
2 O + 4 H
2 O

Another method involves the reaction of urea, nitric acid and sulfuric acrid:[100]

ii (NH 2 ) 2 CO + ii HNO
3 + H
2 SO
4 → 2 N
2 O + 2 CO
2 + (NH 4 ) two SO four + 2 H
2 O

Directly oxidation of ammonia with a manganese dioxide-bismuth oxide goad has been reported:[101] cf. Ostwald process.

2 NH
3 + 2 O
2 → N
2 O + 3 H
2 O

Hydroxylammonium chloride reacts with sodium nitrite to requite nitrous oxide. If the nitrite is added to the hydroxylamine solution, the only remaining by-production is salt water. If the hydroxylamine solution is added to the nitrite solution (nitrite is in backlog), however, then toxic higher oxides of nitrogen as well are formed:

NH
three OH Cl + NaNO
two → N
two O + NaCl + two H
2 O

Treating HNO
3 with SnCl
2 and HCl besides has been demonstrated:

2 HNO
3 + viii HCl + 4 SnCl
2 → 5 H
2 O + four SnCl
4 + N
2 O

Hyponitrous acid decomposes to N 2 O and water with a half-life of xvi days at 25 °C at pH ane–3.[102]

H two North two O 2 → H two O + N 2 O

Atmospheric occurrence [edit]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) measured by the Avant-garde Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly hateful mole fractions in parts-per-billion.

Nitrous oxide atmospheric concentration since 1978.

Annual growth rate of atmospheric nitrous oxide since 2000.

Nitrous oxide is a small-scale component of Earth's atmosphere and is an agile part of the planetary nitrogen bicycle. Based on analysis of air samples gathered from sites around the globe, its concentration surpassed 330 ppb in 2017.[viii] The growth rate of about one ppb per yr has also accelerated during recent decades.[9] Nitrous oxide's atmospheric affluence has grown more than 20% from a base level of about 270 ppb in yr 1750.[104] Important atmospheric properties of N
2 O are summarized in the following table:

Property Value
Ozone depletion potential (ODP) 0.17[105] (CCl3F = one)
Global warming potential (GWP: 100-year) 265[106] (CO2 = ane)
Atmospheric lifetime 121[106] years

In October 2020 scientists published a comprehensive quantification of global N
2 O sources and sinks. They report that man-induced emissions increased past 30% over the past iv decades and are the main crusade of the increase in atmospheric concentration. The recent growth has exceeded some of the highest projected emission scenarios.[11] [xiv]

Emissions by source [edit]

As of 2010, it was estimated that about 29.5 million tonnes of N
two O (containing 18.8 million tonnes of nitrogen) were entering the temper each year; of which 64% were natural, and 36% due to human action.[107] [108]

Most of the N
2 O emitted into the atmosphere, from natural and anthropogenic sources, is produced by microorganisms such as denitrifying bacteria and fungi in soils and oceans.[109] Soils nether natural vegetation are an important source of nitrous oxide, accounting for threescore% of all naturally produced emissions. Other natural sources include the oceans (35%) and atmospheric chemical reactions (5%).[107]

A 2019 written report showed that emissions from thawing permafrost are 12 times higher than previously assumed.[110]

The main components of anthropogenic emissions are fertilised agronomical soils and livestock manure (42%), runoff and leaching of fertilisers (25%), biomass burning (10%), fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes (x%), biological degradation of other nitrogen-containing atmospheric emissions (ix%) and human sewage (5%).[111] [112] [113] [114] [115] Agriculture enhances nitrous oxide production through soil cultivation, the use of nitrogen fertilisers and creature waste treatment.[116] These activities stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to produce more nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide emissions from soil can exist challenging to measure as they vary markedly over time and infinite,[117] and the bulk of a year's emissions may occur when conditions are favorable during "hot moments"[118] [119] and/or at favorable locations known as "hotspots".[120]

Among industrial emissions, the production of nitric acid and adipic acid are the largest sources of nitrous oxide emissions. The adipic acid emissions specifically arise from the degradation of the nitrolic acrid intermediate derived from nitration of cyclohexanone.[111] [121] [122]

Biological processes [edit]

Natural processes that generate nitrous oxide may exist classified as nitrification and denitrification. Specifically, they include:

  • aerobic autotrophic nitrification, the stepwise oxidation of ammonia (NH
    3     ) to nitrite (NO −
    ii     ) and to nitrate (NO −
    3     )
  • anaerobic heterotrophic denitrification, the stepwise reduction of NO −
    3     to NO −
    ii     , nitric oxide (NO), North
    2     O     and ultimately N
    2     , where facultative anaerobe bacteria use NO −
    iii     equally an electron acceptor in the respiration of organic fabric in the condition of insufficient oxygen (O
    ii     )
  • nitrifier denitrification, which is carried out past autotrophic NH
    3     -oxidising leaner and the pathway whereby ammonia (NH
    3     ) is oxidised to nitrite (NO −
    2     ), followed by the reduction of NO −
    2     to nitric oxide (NO), Due north
    ii     O     and molecular nitrogen (N
    two     )
  • heterotrophic nitrification
  • aerobic denitrification by the aforementioned heterotrophic nitrifiers
  • fungal denitrification
  • non-biological chemodenitrification

These processes are affected past soil chemical and physical properties such as the availability of mineral nitrogen and organic thing, acerbity and soil type, every bit well equally climate-related factors such equally soil temperature and h2o content.

The emission of the gas to the temper is limited greatly past its consumption within the cells, past a process catalysed by the enzyme nitrous oxide reductase.[123]

Environmental impact [edit]

Greenhouse effect [edit]

Trends in the atmospheric affluence of long-lived greenhouse gases

Nitrous oxide has meaning global warming potential as a greenhouse gas. On a per-molecule ground, considered over a 100-year menses, nitrous oxide has 265 times the atmospheric heat-trapping ability of carbon dioxide (CO
two ).[106] Notwithstanding, because of its low concentration (less than i/1,000 of that of CO
2 ), its contribution to the greenhouse effect is less than 1 third that of carbon dioxide, and as well less than water vapour and methane.[124] On the other paw, since 38% or more of the Northward
two O entering the atmosphere is the result of human activity,[111] command of nitrous oxide is considered function of efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions.[125]

A 2008 study past Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen suggests that the corporeality of nitrous oxide release attributable to agronomical nitrate fertilisers has been seriously underestimated, most of which presumably, would come under soil and oceanic release in the Ecology Protection Bureau data.[126] Nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere through agriculture, when farmers add nitrogen-based fertilizers onto the fields, and through the breakdown of animate being manure. Approximately 79 percent of all nitrous oxide released in the United States came from nitrogen fertilization. Reduction of emissions can be a hot topic in the politics of climatic change.[127]

Nitrous oxide is likewise released as a by-product of burning fossil fuel, though the amount released depends on which fuel was used. Information technology is likewise emitted through the manufacture of nitric acid, which is used in the synthesis of nitrogen fertilizers. The product of adipic acid, a precursor to nylon and other constructed clothing fibres, too releases nitrous oxide. The total amount of nitrous oxide released that is of homo origins is virtually forty pct.[128]

Ozone layer depletion [edit]

Nitrous oxide has also been implicated in thinning the ozone layer. A 2009 study suggested that N
ii O emission was the single most important ozone-depleting emission and it was expected to remain the largest throughout the 21st century.[10] [129]

Legality [edit]

In the United States, possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal police and is not bailiwick to DEA purview.[130] Information technology is, however, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration nether the Food Drug and Cosmetics Human action; prosecution is possible under its "misbranding" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of human consumption. Many states have laws regulating the possession, auction and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws ordinarily ban distribution to minors or limit the amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without special license.[ citation needed ] For example, in the state of California, possession for recreational apply is prohibited and qualifies every bit a misdemeanor.[131]

In August 2015, the Council of the London Civic of Lambeth (United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland) banned the use of the drug for recreational purposes, making offenders liable to an on-the-spot fine of up to £1,000.[132]

In New Zealand, the Ministry building of Wellness has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its auction or possession without a prescription is an offense under the Medicines Act.[133] This statement would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of nitrous oxide, although information technology is implied that only recreational use will be targeted legally.

In India, transfer of nitrous oxide from bulk cylinders to smaller, more transportable Due east-type, one,590-litre-capacity tanks[134] is legal when the intended apply of the gas is for medical anaesthesia.

See also [edit]

  • DayCent
  • Fink effect
  • Nitrous oxide fuel blend

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External links [edit]

  • Occupational Rubber and Wellness Guideline for Nitrous Oxide
  • Paul Crutzen Interview Freeview video of Paul Crutzen Nobel Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Scientific discipline Trust.
  • National Pollutant Inventory – Oxide of nitrogen fact sheet
  • National Found for Occupational Safety and Wellness – Nitrous Oxide
  • CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Nitrous Oxide
  • Nitrous Oxide FAQ
  • Erowid article on Nitrous Oxide
  • Nitrous oxide fingered as monster ozone slayer, Science News
  • Dental Fear Central article on the utilise of nitrous oxide in dentistry
  • Contradistinct States Database

Chemical Formula For Nitrogen Gas,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide

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